The Top Five Critical Vulnerabilities We Uncover in Pen Tests (And What They Mean for Your Security)
Alexis Meyer
Cybersecurity isn’t just about keeping hackers out; it’s about enabling your business to thrive with confidence. At NuHarbor, we know that every organization has unique challenges, but some vulnerabilities show up again and again during our penetration tests. These risks might seem small at first glance, but they can lead to big problems—think data breaches, operational downtime, or compliance headaches.
Let’s dive into the top vulnerabilities we’ve uncovered recently and, more importantly, what you can do to mitigate them.
1. SQL injection: A backdoor to your data
What it is
SQL Injection (SQLi) is a technique attackers use to manipulate SQL queries by injecting malicious code into user input fields. This happens when applications fail to properly validate or sanitize user inputs, enabling attackers to execute unauthorized commands that compromise the integrity and confidentiality of the database.
Why it matters
SQL injection poses significant risks to an organization's operational capacity. Attackers can exploit vulnerabilities to read, modify, or delete sensitive data, potentially leading to data breaches. The consequences may include financial losses, reputational damage, regulatory fines, and legal implications. In some cases, attackers can even escalate their privileges within the database, allowing them to execute harmful commands to take control over the database server.
How to fix it
To mitigate SQL injection risks, organizations should implement parameterized queries (prepared statements) across all database interactions. This technique separates SQL code from user inputs, ensuring that malicious data cannot alter the intended query structure. Additionally, input validation and sanitization practices should be established, employing whitelisting methods for user inputs. Regular security assessments and code reviews will further enhance the application's resilience against SQL injection attacks.
2. SSL version 2 and 3 protocol detection: Outdated encryption, modern risks
What it is
SSL Versions 2 and 3 are outdated cryptographic protocols used for securing communications over a network. These versions are susceptible to multiple vulnerabilities, including insecure padding schemes and flaws in session renegotiation, which can expose encrypted data to potential interception and tampering.
Why it matters
Using outdated SSL protocols exposes organizations to man-in-the-middle attacks, where attackers can intercept, read, or alter communications between clients and servers. This not only jeopardizes sensitive data integrity and confidentiality, but it can also lead to severe financial and reputational damage. Businesses operating in regulated environments may face compliance issues and fines if data protection standards are not met.
How to fix it
Immediately disable SSL 2.0 and 3.0 and upgrade to TLS 1.2 or higher with secure cipher suites. Regularly audit and update security configurations, while adhering to security best practices to ensure that only secure protocols are utilized in communications.
3. Treck TCP/IP stack multiple vulnerabilities (Ripple20): Unseen vulnerabilities in everyday devices
What it is
The Ripple20 vulnerabilities affect the Treck TCP/IP stack, a foundational component in many IoT and OT devices. These vulnerabilities—19 in total—stem from memory management flaws, potentially allowing attackers to execute remote commands and gain unauthorized access.
Why it matters
With millions of devices using the Treck TCP/IP stack, Ripple20 vulnerabilities are a widespread issue. Attackers can exploit these flaws to disrupt operations, steal sensitive data, or launch denial-of-service attacks. These risks are magnified by the complexity of IoT ecosystems, making detection and remediation difficult.
How to fix it
Apply patches provided by Treck as they become available. If patching is not feasible, minimize the network exposure of embedded devices by isolating them behind firewalls. Employing secure remote access methods and implementing deep packet inspection can further protect against network attacks. Regular audits of connected devices and network architecture can help maintain a secure environment.
4. Dropbear SSH server <2016.72 multiple vulnerabilities: Weak points in strong systems
What it is
Dropbear SSH versions prior to 2016.74 contain multiple vulnerabilities, including format string flaws and improper handling of key files. These weaknesses can allow unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary code with root privileges.
Why it matters
The exploitation of these vulnerabilities can lead to unauthorized access to critical systems, allowing attackers to manipulate sensitive data or disrupt operations. Such breaches can have catastrophic effects on business continuity and data integrity, leading to potential legal liabilities and reputational harm.
How to fix it
Upgrade Dropbear SSH to version 2016.74 or later. Regularly updating software and monitoring for known vulnerabilities is crucial. Additionally, implementing strict access controls and user authentication mechanisms can mitigate the risks associated with SSH vulnerabilities.
5. Microsoft SQL server unsupported version detection: The risks of falling behind
What it is
Running an unsupported version of Microsoft SQL Server creates vulnerabilities because these versions no longer receive security updates or patches.
Why it matters
Unsupported software becomes an easy target for attackers who exploit unpatched vulnerabilities. This can lead to data breaches, operational disruptions, and compliance violations. Organizations relying on outdated systems also risk losing customer trust and incurring regulatory fines.
How to fix it
Prioritize upgrading to a supported version of Microsoft SQL Server to ensure ongoing security patching. Regularly review your systems to identify outdated tools and maintain an up-to-date inventory of your IT environment. Use security monitoring tools to detect vulnerabilities in legacy systems while planning for a complete upgrade.
Staying ahead of the threats
Addressing these vulnerabilities isn’t just about ticking boxes on a compliance checklist. It’s about protecting your business, your reputation, and your customers. Here are some practical steps to keep your defenses strong:
- Regular penetration testing: Schedule tests based on your risk profile and compliance needs. High-risk industries or organizations undergoing major changes may need quarterly or semi-annual testing.
- Proactive updates: Keep your software and systems up to date. Legacy systems are often an easy target.
- Comprehensive risk management: Pair regular testing with continuous monitoring to catch and address issues in real-time.
At NuHarbor, we make cybersecurity easier. If you’re ready to assess your security posture or want to dive deeper into what penetration testing can do for your business, let’s talk.
Building a resilient security strategy starts with understanding your vulnerabilities—and fixing them before attackers can exploit them.
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Alexis Meyer is a Sales Engineer at NuHarbor Security, where she combines technical expertise with a client-first approach to design solutions that align business goals with effective cybersecurity strategies. With over four years of experience in cybersecurity and IT, Alexis has a track record of optimizing solutions and strengthening security postures through hands-on product installations and analysis. At NuHarbor, she’s dedicated to helping clients discover practical, impactful ways to protect their environments and achieve peace of mind.
